Contemporary Islamic sovereignty thought includes the theories of “Sovereignty of Allah,” “Guardianship of the Jurist,” and “Sovereignty of Umma”, represented respectively by Abu Ala Mawdudi, Ruhollah Khomeini, and Rachid Ghannouchi. All three confirm the “Hakimiyyah,” differing in that Maududi emphasizes the exclusivity of the “Allah’s sovereignty” and denies “human” sovereignty. Khomeini stresses the necessity of an Islamic government and the guardianship of the jurists, whereas Ghannouchi explicitly affirms the “popular sovereignty.” All three employ Western political concepts such as sovereignty and democracy, but Mawdudi and Khomeini’s narratives carry stronger Islamic characteristics, while Ghannouchi incorporates more Western elements. The theories of Hakimiyyah and Wilayate Faqih justify Islamic democracy and rule of law, significantly differing from the notions of “Hierocracy” or the “Divine Right of Kings” in European history. Ghannouchi’s social contract thought inherent in his theory of “Umma’s sovereignty” closely resembles that of Locke. In the institutional practice of contemporary Islamic countries, popular sovereignty is more commonly observed than the hakimiyyah, with the latter remaining a political claim of Islamist forces.